Setting

Asia Pacific Extended Reality (XR) Market 2022-2032 by Technology (AR, VR, MX), Component (Hardware, Software, Service & Content Creation), Device Type (AR Devices, VR Devices, MR Devices), Industry Vertical, End User (Consumer, Enterprise), and Country: Trend Forecast and Growth Opportunity

Published: 31 Oct 2023 | Report Code: 10247420 | Pages: 170

Asia Pacific Extended Reality (XR) Market will grow by 34.7% annually with a total addressable market cap of $1.36 trillion ($1,358.8 billion) over 2023-2032, driven by the wider Internet coverage, the increasing demand for immersive experiences, prevalent mobile and smart devices, and rising demand from consumer electronics, healthcare, and other industrial sectors. Highlighted with 43 tables and 82 figures, this 170-page report “Asia Pacific Extended Reality (XR) Market 2022-2032 by Technology (AR, VR, MX), Component (Hardware, Software, Service & Content Creation), Device Type (AR Devices, VR Devices, MR Devices), Industry Vertical, End User (Consumer, Enterprise), and Country: Trend Forecast and Growth Opportunity” is based on a comprehensive research of the entire Asia Pacific Extended Reality (XR) Market and all its sub-segments through extensively detailed classifications.

 

Profound analysis and assessment are generated from premium primary and secondary information sources with inputs derived from industry professionals across the value chain. The report is based on studies on 2020-2022 and provides forecast from 2023 till 2032 with 2022 as the base year. (Please note: The report will be updated before delivery so that the latest historical year is the base year, and the forecast covers at least 5 years over the base year.)

 

In-depth qualitative analyses include identification and investigation of the following aspects:
•  Market Structure 
•  Growth Drivers 
•  Restraints and Challenges
•  Emerging Product Trends & Market Opportunities
•  Porter’s Five Forces

 

The trend and outlook of Asia Pacific market is forecast in optimistic, balanced, and conservative view by taking into account of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine conflict. The balanced (most likely) projection is used to quantify Asia Pacific Extended Reality (XR) Market in every aspect of the classification from perspectives of Technology, Component, Device Type, Industry Vertical, End User, and Country.

 

Based on Technology, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) and production value ($ bn) for 2022-2032 included in each main section. 
•  Augmented Reality (AR)
      o  Marker-based Augmented Reality (Passive Marker, Active Marker)
      o  Markerless Augmented Reality (Model-based Tracking, Image-based Processing)
      o  Other Technologies
•  Virtual Reality (VR) (Nonimmersive Technology, Semi-Immersive Technology and Fully Immersive Technology)
•  Mixed Reality (MR)

 

Based on Component, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) production value ($ bn) for 2022-2032 included in each main section. 
•  Hardware
      o  Sensors
      o  Semiconductor Component
      o  Displays and Projectors
      o  Position Trackers
      o  Cameras
      o  Other Hardware
•  Software
      o  Software Developer Kits
      o  Cloud-based Solutions
•  Service & Content Creation

 

By Device Type, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) for 2022-2032 included in each section. 
•  AR Devices
      o  Head-Mounted Display (HMD)
      o  Head-Up Display (HUD)
      o  Smart Glasses
      o  Handheld Devices and Others
•  VR Devices
      o  Head-Mounted Display (HMD)
      o  Gesture-Tracking Device
      o  Projector & Display Wall
•  MR Devices
      o  Wireless Devices
      o  Wired Devices

 

By Industry Vertical, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) and production value ($ bn) for 2022-2032 included in each main section. 
•  Gaming & Entertainment
•  Industrial & Manufacturing
•  Aerospace & Defense
•  Healthcare
•  Education
•  Automotive
•  Retail & Marketing
•  Other Verticals

 

By End User, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) for 2022-2032 included in each section. 
•  Consumer
•  Enterprise
      o  Large Enterprises
      o  Small- & Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)

 

Geographically, the following national/local markets are fully investigated:
•  Japan
•  China
•  South Korea
•  Australia
•  India
•  Rest of APAC (further segmented into Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, New Zealand, Vietnam, Taiwan, and Philippines)

 

For each key country, detailed analysis and data for annual revenue ($ mn) are available for 2022-2032. The breakdown of national markets by Technology, Component, and Industry Vertical over the forecast years are also included. The report also covers the current competitive scenario and the predicted trend; and profiles key vendors including market leaders and important emerging players.

 

Selected Key Players: 
Acer Inc.
Apple Inc.
Atheer, Inc.
Blippar Ltd.
Catchoom Technologies, S.L.
DAQRI
Dell Technologies Inc.
EON Reality, Inc.
Google, LLC
HP Development Co., L.P.
HTC Corporation
Infinity Augmented Reality, Inc.
Intel Corporation
Intellectsoft LLC
Leap Motion, Inc.
Lumus Ltd.
Magic Leap, Inc
Meta Company
Microsoft Corp.
Niantic Inc.
Nintendo Co., Ltd.
Occipital Inc.
Oculus VR, LLC
Optinvent S.A.
Popar Co., Ltd.
Qualcomm Technologies Inc.
Samsung Co., Ltd.
Seiko Epson Corporation
Sony Corporation
Total Immersion
Universal mCloud Corp. (NGRAIN)
Virtuix
Vuzix Corp.
Wayray AG
Wikitude GmbH
Zappar Ltd.
Zugara, Inc.

 

(Please note: The report will be updated before delivery so that the latest historical year is the base year, and the forecast covers at least 5 years over the base year.)

Table of Contents:

1 Introduction    9
1.1 Industry Definition and Research Scope    9
1.1.1 Industry Definition    9
1.1.2 Research Scope    10
1.2 Research Methodology    13
1.2.1 Overview of Market Research Methodology    13
1.2.2 Market Assumption    14
1.2.3 Secondary Data    14
1.2.4 Primary Data    14
1.2.5 Data Filtration and Model Design    15
1.2.6 Market Size/Share Estimation    16
1.2.7 Research Limitations    17
1.3 Executive Summary    18
2 Market Overview and Dynamics    21
2.1 Market Size and Forecast    21
2.1.1 Impact of COVID-19 on World Economy    23
2.1.2 Impact of COVID-19 on the Market    26
2.1.3 Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict: War Slows Economic Recovery    28
2.2 Major Growth Drivers    32
2.3 Market Restraints and Challenges    37
2.4 Emerging Opportunities and Market Trends    40
2.5 Porter’s Fiver Forces Analysis    44
3 Segmentation of Asia Pacific Market by Technology    48
3.1 Market Overview by Technology    48
3.2 Augmented Reality (AR)    52
3.2.1 Marker-based AR    53
3.2.2 Markerless AR    54
3.2.3 Other Technologies    55
3.3 Virtual Reality (VR)    56
3.3.1 Nonimmersive Technology    57
3.3.2 Semi-Immersive Technology    58
3.3.3 Fully Immersive Technology    59
3.4 Mixed Reality (MR)    60
4 Segmentation of Asia Pacific Market by Component    61
4.1 Market Overview by Component    61
4.2 Hardware    65
4.2.1 Sensors    67
4.2.2 Semiconductor Component    68
4.2.3 Displays and Projectors    69
4.2.4 Position Trackers    70
4.2.5 Cameras    71
4.2.6 Other Hardware    72
4.3 Software    73
4.3.1 Software Developer Kits    74
4.3.2 Cloud-based Solutions    75
4.4 Service & Content Creation    76
5 Segmentation of Asia Pacific Market by Device Type    77
5.1 Market Overview by Device Type    77
5.2 AR Devices    79
5.2.1 Head-Mounted Display (HMD)    81
5.2.2 Head-Up Display (HUD)    82
5.2.3 Smart Glasses    83
5.2.4 Handheld Devices and Others    84
5.3 VR Devices    85
5.3.1 Head-Mounted Display (HMD)    87
5.3.2 Gesture-Tracking Device    88
5.3.3 Projector & Display Wall    89
5.4 MR Devices    90
5.4.1 Wireless Devices    91
5.4.2 Wired Devices    92
6 Segmentation of Asia Pacific Market by Industry Vertical    93
6.1 Market Overview by Industry Vertical    93
6.2 Gaming & Entertainment    97
6.3 Industrial & Manufacturing    98
6.4 Aerospace & Defense    99
6.5 Healthcare    100
6.6 Education    101
6.7 Automotive    102
6.8 Retail & Marketing    103
6.9 Other Verticals    104
7 Segmentation of Asia Pacific Market by End User    105
7.1 Market Overview by End User    105
7.2 Consumer    107
7.3 Enterprise    108
7.3.1 Large Enterprises    109
7.3.2 Small- & Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)    110
8 Asia-Pacific Market 2022-2032 by Country    111
8.1 Overview of Asia-Pacific Market    111
8.2 Japan    114
8.3 China    117
8.4 Australia    119
8.5 India    122
8.6 South Korea    124
8.7 Rest of APAC Region    126
9 Competitive Landscape    128
9.1 Overview of Key Vendors    128
9.2 New Product Launch, Partnership, Investment, and M&A    131
9.3 Company Profiles    132
Acer Inc.    132
Apple Inc.    134
Atheer, Inc.    135
Blippar Ltd.    136
Catchoom Technologies, S.L.    137
DAQRI    138
Dell Technologies Inc.    139
EON Reality, Inc.    140
Google, LLC    141
HP Development Co., L.P.    142
HTC Corporation    143
Infinity Augmented Reality, Inc.    144
Intel Corporation    145
Intellectsoft LLC    146
Leap Motion, Inc.    147
Lumus Ltd.    148
Magic Leap, Inc    149
Meta Company    150
Microsoft Corp.    151
Niantic Inc.    152
Nintendo Co., Ltd.    153
Occipital Inc.    154
Oculus VR, LLC    155
Optinvent S.A.    156
Popar Co., Ltd.    157
Qualcomm Technologies Inc.    158
Samsung Co., Ltd.    159
Seiko Epson Corporation    160
Sony Corporation    161
Total Immersion    162
Universal mCloud Corp. (NGRAIN)    163
Virtuix    164
Vuzix Corp.    165
Wayray AG    166
Wikitude GmbH    167
Zappar Ltd.    168
Zugara, Inc.    169
RELATED REPORTS    170

 

List of Tables:

Table 1. Snapshot of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market in Balanced Perspective, 2022-2032    19
Table 2. World Economic Outlook, 2021-2031    24
Table 3. World Economic Outlook, 2021-2023    25
Table 4. Scenarios for Economic Impact of Ukraine Crisis    29
Table 5. Main Product Trends and Market Opportunities in Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market    40
Table 6. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn (Demand Value)    48
Table 7. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn (Production Value)    50
Table 8. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn    52
Table 9. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market: Marker-based AR by Type, 2022-2032, $ mn    53
Table 10. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market: Markerless AR by Type, 2022-2032, $ mn    54
Table 11. Asia Pacific Virtual Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn    56
Table 12. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Component, 2022-2032, $ mn (Demand Value)    61
Table 13. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Component, 2022-2032, $ mn (Production Value)    63
Table 14. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market: Hardware by Type, 2022-2032, $ mn    66
Table 15. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market: Software by Type, 2022-2032, $ mn    73
Table 16. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Device Type, 2022-2032, $ mn    77
Table 17. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market by Device, 2022-2032, $ mn    80
Table 18. Asia Pacific Virtual Reality Market by Device, 2022-2032, $ mn    86
Table 19. Asia Pacific Mixed Reality (MR) Market by Device, 2022-2032, $ mn    90
Table 20. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical, 2022-2032, $ mn (Demand Value)    93
Table 21. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical, 2022-2032, $ mn (Production Value)    95
Table 22. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by End User, 2022-2032, $ mn    105
Table 23. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by End User, 2022-2032, $ mn    108
Table 24. APAC Extended Reality Market by Country, 2022-2032, $ mn    112
Table 25. Japan Extended Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn    116
Table 26. Japan Extended Reality Market by Component, 2022-2032, $ mn    116
Table 27. Japan Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical, 2022-2032, $ mn    116
Table 28. China Extended Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn    118
Table 29. China Extended Reality Market by Component, 2022-2032, $ mn    118
Table 30. China Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical, 2022-2032, $ mn    118
Table 31. Australia Extended Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn    121
Table 32. Australia Extended Reality Market by Component, 2022-2032, $ mn    121
Table 33. Australia Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical, 2022-2032, $ mn    121
Table 34. India Extended Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn    123
Table 35. India Extended Reality Market by Component, 2022-2032, $ mn    123
Table 36. India Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical, 2022-2032, $ mn    123
Table 37. South Korea Extended Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn    125
Table 38. South Korea Extended Reality Market by Component, 2022-2032, $ mn    125
Table 39. South Korea Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical, 2022-2032, $ mn    125
Table 40. Extended Reality Market in Rest of APAC by Country/Region, 2022-2032, $ mn    127
Table 41. Acer Inc.: Company Snapshot    132
Table 42. Acer Inc.: Business Segmentation    133
Table 43. Acer Inc.: Product Portfolio    133

 

List of Figures:

Figure 1. Research Method Flow Chart    13
Figure 2. Bottom-up Approach and Top-down Approach for Market Estimation    16
Figure 3. Asia Pacific Market Forecast in Optimistic, Conservative and Balanced Perspectives, 2022-2032    18
Figure 4. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Demand Value, 2022-2032, $ mn    21
Figure 5. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Production Value, 2022-2032, $ mn    22
Figure 6. Impact of COVID-19 on Business    26
Figure 7. Primary Drivers and Impact Factors of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market    32
Figure 8. Forecast of Middle-class Population by Region, 2015-2030, million    35
Figure 9. World Digital Gaming Market, 2022-2032, $ bn    35
Figure 10. Forecast Share of Consumers Who Will Have Used AR for Online Shopping by 2025 by Country    36
Figure 11. Primary Restraints and Impact Factors of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market    37
Figure 12. Investment Opportunity Analysis    41
Figure 13. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market    44
Figure 14. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, % of Demand Value    49
Figure 15. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2032 by Technology, Demand Value ($ mn) and Share (%)    49
Figure 16. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Technology, 2022-2032, % of Production Value    51
Figure 17. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2032 by Technology, Production Value ($ mn) and Share (%)    51
Figure 18. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Technology: Augmented Reality (AR), 2022-2032, $ mn    52
Figure 19. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market by Technology: Marker-based AR, 2022-2032, $ mn    53
Figure 20. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market by Technology: Markerless AR, 2022-2032, $ mn    54
Figure 21. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market by Technology: Other Technologies, 2022-2032, $ mn    55
Figure 22. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Technology: Virtual Reality (VR), 2022-2032, $ mn    56
Figure 23. Asia Pacific Virtual Reality Market by Technology: Nonimmersive Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn    57
Figure 24. Asia Pacific Virtual Reality Market by Technology: Semi-Immersive Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn    58
Figure 25. Asia Pacific Virtual Reality Market by Technology: Fully Immersive Technology, 2022-2032, $ mn    59
Figure 26. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Technology: Mixed Reality (MR), 2022-2032, $ mn    60
Figure 27. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Component, 2022-2032, % of Demand Value    62
Figure 28. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2032 by Component, Demand Value ($ mn) and Share (%)    62
Figure 29. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Component, 2022-2032, % of Production Value    64
Figure 30. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2032 by Component, Demand Production Value ($ mn) and Share (%)    64
Figure 31. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Component: Hardware, 2022-2032, $ mn    65
Figure 32. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Hardware: Sensors, 2022-2032, $ mn    67
Figure 33. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Hardware: Semiconductor Component, 2022-2032, $ mn    68
Figure 34. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Hardware: Displays and Projectors, 2022-2032, $ mn    69
Figure 35. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Hardware: Position Trackers, 2022-2032, $ mn    70
Figure 36. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Hardware: Cameras, 2022-2032, $ mn    71
Figure 37. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Hardware: Other Hardware, 2022-2032, $ mn    72
Figure 38. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Component: Software, 2022-2032, $ mn    73
Figure 39. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Software: Software Developer Kits, 2022-2032, $ mn    74
Figure 40. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Software: Cloud-based Solutions, 2022-2032, $ mn    75
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Component: Service & Content Creation, 2022-2032, $ mn    76
Figure 42. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Device Type, 2022-2032, % of Sales Revenue    78
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2032 by Device Type, Value ($ mn) and Share (%)    78
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Device Type: AR Devices, 2022-2032, $ mn    79
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market by Device: Head-Mounted Display (HMD), 2022-2032, $ mn    81
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market by Device: Head-Up Display (HUD), 2022-2032, $ mn    82
Figure 47. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market by Device: Smart Glasses, 2022-2032, $ mn    83
Figure 48. Asia Pacific Augmented Reality Market by Device: Handheld Devices and Others, 2022-2032, $ mn    84
Figure 49. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Device Type: VR Devices, 2022-2032, $ mn    85
Figure 50. Asia Pacific Virtual Reality Market by Device: Head-Mounted Display (HMD), 2022-2032, $ mn    87
Figure 51. Asia Pacific Virtual Reality Market by Device: Gesture-Tracking Device, 2022-2032, $ mn    88
Figure 52. Asia Pacific Virtual Reality Market by Device: Projector & Display Wall, 2022-2032, $ mn    89
Figure 53. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Device Type: MR Devices, 2022-2032, $ mn    90
Figure 54. Asia Pacific Mixed Reality (MR) Market by Device: Wireless Devices, 2022-2032, $ mn    91
Figure 55. Asia Pacific Mixed Reality (MR) Market by Device: Wired Devices, 2022-2032, $ mn    92
Figure 56. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical, 2022-2032, % of Demand Value    94
Figure 57. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2032 by Industry Vertical, Demand Value ($ mn) and Share (%)    94
Figure 58. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical, 2022-2032, % of Production Value    96
Figure 59. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2032 by Industry Vertical, Production Value ($ mn) and Share (%)    96
Figure 60. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical: Gaming & Entertainment, 2022-2032, $ mn    97
Figure 61. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical: Industrial & Manufacturing, 2022-2032, $ mn    98
Figure 62. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical: Aerospace & Defense, 2022-2032, $ mn    99
Figure 63. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical: Healthcare, 2022-2032, $ mn    100
Figure 64. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical: Education, 2022-2032, $ mn    101
Figure 65. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical: Automotive, 2022-2032, $ mn    102
Figure 66. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical: Retail & Marketing, 2022-2032, $ mn    103
Figure 67. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by Industry Vertical: Other Verticals, 2022-2032, $ mn    104
Figure 68. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by End User, 2022-2032, % of Revenue    106
Figure 69. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2032 by End User, Value ($ mn) and Share (%)    106
Figure 70. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by End User: Consumer, 2022-2032, $ mn    107
Figure 71. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by End User: Enterprise, 2022-2032, $ mn    108
Figure 72. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by End User: Large Enterprises, 2022-2032, $ mn    109
Figure 73. Asia Pacific Extended Reality Market by End User: Small- & Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), 2022-2032, $ mn    110
Figure 74. Breakdown of APAC Extended Reality Market by Country, 2022 and 2032, % of Revenue    112
Figure 75. Contribution to APAC 2023-2032 Cumulative Market by Country, Value ($ mn) and Share (%)    113
Figure 76. Extended Reality Market in Japan, 2022-2032, $ mn    115
Figure 77. Extended Reality Market in China, 2022-2032, $ mn    117
Figure 78. Extended Reality Market in Australia, 2022-2032, $ mn    119
Figure 79. Extended Reality Market in India, 2022-2032, $ mn    122
Figure 80. Extended Reality Market in South Korea, 2022-2032, $ mn    124
Figure 81. Extended Reality Market in Rest of APAC, 2022-2032, $ mn    126
Figure 82. Growth Stage of Asia Pacific Extended Reality Industry over the Forecast Period    128
Selected Key Players:

Acer Inc.
Apple Inc.
Atheer, Inc.
Blippar Ltd.
Catchoom Technologies, S.L.
DAQRI
Dell Technologies Inc.
EON Reality, Inc.
Google, LLC
HP Development Co., L.P.
HTC Corporation
Infinity Augmented Reality, Inc.
Intel Corporation
Intellectsoft LLC
Leap Motion, Inc.
Lumus Ltd.
Magic Leap, Inc
Meta Company
Microsoft Corp.
Niantic Inc.
Nintendo Co., Ltd.
Occipital Inc.
Oculus VR, LLC
Optinvent S.A.
Popar Co., Ltd.
Qualcomm Technologies Inc.
Samsung Co., Ltd.
Seiko Epson Corporation
Sony Corporation
Total Immersion
Universal mCloud Corp. (NGRAIN)
Virtuix
Vuzix Corp.
Wayray AG
Wikitude GmbH
Zappar Ltd.
Zugara, Inc.

(Please note: The report will be updated before delivery so that the latest historical year is the base year, and the forecast covers at least 5 years over the base year.)